Two small spacecraft should have now been cruising through the Solar System, on their way to study unexplored asteroids, but after several years of development and nearly $50 million in expenditures, NASA announced Tuesday the probes will remain locked inside a Lockheed Martin factory in Colorado.
That’s because the mission, called Janus, was supposed to launch last year as a piggyback payload on the same rocket with NASA’s much larger Psyche spacecraft, which will fly to a 140-mile-wide (225-kilometer) metal-rich asteroid—also named Psyche—for more than two years of close-up observations. Problems with software testing on the Psyche spacecraft prompted NASA managers to delay the launch by more than a year.
An independent review board set up to analyze the reasons for the Psyche launch delay identified issues with the spacecraft’s software and weaknesses in the plan to test the software before Psyche’s launch. Digging deeper, the review panel determined that NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which manages the Psyche mission, was encumbered by staffing and workforce problems exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Psyche is now back on track for liftoff in October on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket, but Janus won’t be aboard.
Janus was designed to fly to two binary asteroids—consisting of two bodies near one another—that orbit the Sun closer to Earth than the metallic asteroid Psyche. While the Psyche mission can still reach its asteroid destination and accomplish its science mission with a launch this year, the asteroids targeted by Janus will have changed positions in the Solar System by too much since last year. They are no longer accessible to the two Janus spacecraft without flying too far from the Sun for their solar arrays to generate sufficient power.
When it became clear the two Janus target asteroids were no longer reachable, scientists on the Janus team and NASA management agreed last year to remove the twin spacecraft from the Psyche launch. Scientists considered other uses for the suitcase-size Janus spacecraft, which were already built and were weeks away from shipment to Florida to begin final launch preparations when NASA decided to delay the launch of Psyche.
One of the ideas to repurpose the Janus spacecraft was to send the probes to fly by the asteroid Apophis, a space rock bigger than the Empire State Building that will encroach within 20,000 miles (32,000 kilometers) of our planet’s surface in 2029. For a time soon after its discovery in 2004, scientists said there was a small chance Apophis could impact Earth in 2029 or later this century, but astronomers have now ruled out any risk of a collision for the next 100-plus years.
It came down to money
In the end, Janus fell victim to the delay of the Psyche mission and tight budget constraints at NASA. The agency said Tuesday it has directed the Janus team to “prepare the spacecraft for long-term storage.”
“NASA considered various potential opportunities and requirements for alternative missions using the twin spacecraft, with a focus primarily on asteroid science,” said Eric Ianson, deputy director of NASA’s planetary science division, in a written response to questions from Ars. “However, limited resources the next few years drove the decision to not pursue one of these alternatives at this time.”
NASA’s planetary science budget is strained by rising costs on several missions already on the books, including the multibillion-dollar Mars Sample Return project, which is still in an early stage of development. The sample return mission aims to retrieve Martian rock specimens and bring them back to Earth for analysis. The Europa Clipper mission, now undergoing final assembly for launch next year, has also seen cost increases, according to Tom Statler, an official in NASA’s planetary science division.
The debt ceiling budget deal struck last month by President Biden and congressional Republicans set federal spending limits that will likely impact NASA’s overall funding levels.