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{"id":38860,"date":"2024-01-18T21:59:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-18T21:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scienceandnerds.com\/2024\/01\/18\/the-quest-for-simple-rules-to-build-a-microbial-community\/"},"modified":"2024-01-18T21:59:01","modified_gmt":"2024-01-18T21:59:01","slug":"the-quest-for-simple-rules-to-build-a-microbial-community","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceandnerds.com\/2024\/01\/18\/the-quest-for-simple-rules-to-build-a-microbial-community\/","title":{"rendered":"The Quest for Simple Rules to Build a Microbial Community"},"content":{"rendered":"

Source:https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/the-quest-for-simple-rules-to-build-a-microbial-community-20240117\/#comments<\/a><\/br>
\nThe Quest for Simple Rules to Build a Microbial Community<\/br>
\n2024-01-18 21:59:00<\/br><\/p>\n

\n

Suddenly, a glut of data revealed hitherto unknown microbial diversity. In 2009, fewer than 1,000 bacterial genomes had been completely sequenced. By 2014, there were more than 30,000<\/a>. That figure has since ballooned: At the end of 2023 there were 567,228 complete bacterial genomes, easily browsable<\/a> and available for cross-reference. Today bacteria account for nearly 80% of all available genomic data.<\/p>\n

\u201cPeople just had no idea how many species there would be,\u201d said Gralka, who now runs his own lab at VU University in Amsterdam. \u201cYou can\u2019t tell them apart very well under the microscope.\u201d<\/p>\n

However, identifying individual bacterial species in a community can tell scientists only so much. Their names don\u2019t necessarily say much about what each bug is contributing or how the community fits together.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese communities are high-dimensional,\u201d said Jacopo Grilli<\/a>, a theoretical microbial ecologist and ex-physicist at the Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy. \u201cIf we try to understand [them], we have to deal with the fact that there are many, many populations, many different species \u2014 whatever \u2018species\u2019 means \u2014 in these communities. All these species have all their own peculiarities, and somehow they\u2019re coexisting.\u201d<\/p>\n

In 2018, a Science <\/em>paper<\/a> by Sanchez and his team gave microbiologists permission to simplify their thinking. Their breakthrough research showed that if you took a step back and let highly specific details, like exact species names, melt away, you could better understand the logic of a bacterial community, as if you were viewing an abstract painting from a distance.<\/p>\n

Like Grilli, Sanchez was a physicist before turning to microbial ecology. \u201cI decided to start working on ecology and microbial communities because I noticed that at the quantitative level, it was an area that had not been as well studied as evolution,\u201d Sanchez said.<\/p>\n

For the study, his lab grew wild bacteria cultured from dead leaves and soil around New Haven, Connecticut. They found that given the same set of environmental conditions \u2014 the same carbon sources, temperature, acidity and so on \u2014 any microbial community will arrive at roughly the same functional composition, no matter how it started. In his experiments, with every population, the same niches appeared and were filled over and over, though not necessarily by the same species of bacteria.<\/p>\n

The research changed how microbiologists looked at community. When Sanchez compared communities sampled from the same environment, the names of the bacteria were always different, D\u2019Souza said. \u201cBut if you look at the functional gene content, like who does what? That is surprisingly similar,\u201d he said. \u201cSo it doesn\u2019t matter who you are; what you do matters.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Genome\u2019s Predictive Power<\/strong><\/h2>\n

In 2018, Gralka had just arrived in Boston to work as a postdoc in Cordero\u2019s lab at MIT. He\u2019d started out as a biophysicist, studying the physical properties of cells, individually and in aggregates. He had decided to join Cordero\u2019s research program because the two researchers had similar visions: to develop a quantitative, bird\u2019s-eye understanding of microbial communities.<\/p>\n

Cordero had a freezer stocked with Atlantic Ocean microbes, which his lab had used to make an interesting discovery about how microbial communities form around food sources, published in Current Biology<\/em><\/a> in 2019. They had dropped balls of chitin \u2014 a polymer of repeating sugar molecules that makes up insect shells \u2014 into cultures of bacteria grown from the marine samples. When the scientists fished the balls back out, they looked at what communities had formed. Chitin-eating microbes were predictably clinging to the chitin \u2014 but there were also bacteria that didn\u2019t eat chitin. Those bacteria seemed to eat the byproducts cast off by the chitin-eaters. The chitin-eaters and byproduct-eaters had formed a community.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/br><\/br><\/br><\/p>\n

Uncategorized<\/br>
\n<\/br>
\nSource:https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/the-quest-for-simple-rules-to-build-a-microbial-community-20240117\/#comments<\/a><\/br><\/br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Source:https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/the-quest-for-simple-rules-to-build-a-microbial-community-20240117\/#comments The Quest for Simple Rules to Build a Microbial Community 2024-01-18 21:59:00 Suddenly, a glut of data revealed hitherto unknown microbial diversity. In 2009, fewer than 1,000 bacterial genomes had been completely sequenced. By 2014, there were more than 30,000. That figure has since ballooned: At the end of 2023 there were 567,228 complete […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38861,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"pagelayer_contact_templates":[],"_pagelayer_content":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38860","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Quest for Simple Rules to Build a Microbial Community - Science and Nerds<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceandnerds.com\/2024\/01\/18\/the-quest-for-simple-rules-to-build-a-microbial-community\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Quest for Simple Rules to Build a Microbial Community - Science and Nerds\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Source:https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/the-quest-for-simple-rules-to-build-a-microbial-community-20240117\/#comments The Quest for Simple Rules to Build a Microbial Community 2024-01-18 21:59:00 Suddenly, a glut of data revealed hitherto unknown microbial diversity. 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