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Simone Marchi, Southwest Research Institute<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Modeling melt<\/h2>\n
When the Moon-forming impactor smashed into Earth, much of the world became a sea of melted rock called a magma ocean (if it wasn\u2019t already melted<\/a>). After this point, Earth had no more major additions of mass, said Simone Marchi<\/a>, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute who creates computer models of the early Solar System and its planetary bodies, including Earth. \u201cBut you still have this debris flying about,\u201d he said. This later phase of accretion may have lacked another lunar-scale impact, but likely featured large incoming asteroids. Predictions of the size and frequency distributions of this space flotsam indicate \u201cthat there has to be a substantial number of objects larger than, say, 1,000 kilometers in diameter,\u201d Marchi said.<\/p>\n
Unfortunately, there\u2019s little obvious evidence in the rock record of these impacts before about 3.5 billion years ago. So scientists like Marchi can look to the Moon to estimate the number of objects that must have collided with Earth.<\/p>\n
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Armed with the size and number of impactors, Marchi and colleagues built a model that describes, as a function of time, the volume of melt this battering must have produced at the Earth\u2019s surface. Magma oceans were in the past, but impactors greater than 100 kilometers in diameter still melted a lot of rock and must have drastically altered the early Earth.<\/p>\n
Unlike smaller impacts, the volume of melt generated by objects of this size isn\u2019t localized within a crater, according to models. Any crater exists only momentarily, as the rock is too fluid to maintain any sort of structure. Marchi compares this to tossing a stone into water. \u201cThere is a moment in time in which you have a cavity in the water, but then everything collapses and fills up because it\u2019s a fluid.\u201d<\/p>\n
The melt volume is much larger than the amount of excavated rock, so Marchi can calculate just how much melt might have spilled out and coated parts of the Earth\u2019s surface with each impact. The result is an astonishing map of melt volume. During the first billion years or so of Earth’s history, nearly the entire surface would have featured a veneer of impact melt at some point. Much of that history is gone because our active planet\u2019s atmospheric, surface, and tectonic processes constantly modify much of the rock record.<\/p>\n
Balls of glass<\/h2>\n
Even between 3.5 and 2.5 billion years ago, the rock record is sparse. But two places, Australia and South Africa, preserve evidence of impacts in the form of spherules. These tiny glass balls form immediately after an impact that sends vaporized rock skyward. As the plume returns to Earth, small droplets begin to condense and rain down.<\/p>\n
Spherule bed from impact S3 in drill core. Here, S3\u2019s spherule beds were deposited in deep enough water to not be diluted by other detritus.<\/span>‘ src=”https:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Image2-IMG_1552-980×1446.jpg” width=”980″ height=”1446″><\/a>
\n
Enlarge<\/a> \/<\/span> Spherule bed from impact S3 in drill core. Here, S3\u2019s spherule beds were deposited in deep enough water to not be diluted by other detritus.<\/span><\/div>\n
Nadja Drabon, Harvard<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\u201cIt\u2019s remarkable that we can find these impact-generated spherule layers all the way back to 3.5 billion years ago,\u201d said Marchi.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
<\/br><\/br><\/br><\/p>\n
Food, Health, Science, Space, Space Craft, SpaceX<\/br>
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\nSource:https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/science\/2024\/01\/massive-melts-and-monstrous-tsunamis-resulted-from-early-earth-impacts\/<\/a><\/br><\/br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Source:https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/science\/2024\/01\/massive-melts-and-monstrous-tsunamis-resulted-from-early-earth-impacts\/ What would the late heavy bombardment have done to the Earth\u2019s surface? 2024-01-26 21:48:41 Enlarge \/ Each panel shows the modeled effects of early Earth\u2019s bombardment. Circles show the regions affected by each impact, with diameters corresponding to the final size of craters for impactors smaller than 100 kilometers in diameter. For larger impactors, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38943,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"pagelayer_contact_templates":[],"_pagelayer_content":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[103,32,26,33,105,36],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38942","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-food","category-health","category-science","category-space","category-space-craft","category-spacex"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat would the late heavy bombardment have done to the Earth\u2019s surface? - Science and Nerds<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceandnerds.com\/2024\/01\/26\/what-would-the-late-heavy-bombardment-have-done-to-the-earths-surface\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What would the late heavy bombardment have done to the Earth\u2019s surface? - Science and Nerds\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Source:https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/science\/2024\/01\/massive-melts-and-monstrous-tsunamis-resulted-from-early-earth-impacts\/ What would the late heavy bombardment have done to the Earth\u2019s surface? 2024-01-26 21:48:41 Enlarge \/ Each panel shows the modeled effects of early Earth\u2019s bombardment. Circles show the regions affected by each impact, with diameters corresponding to the final size of craters for impactors smaller than 100 kilometers in diameter. 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