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action or later. Please see Debugging in WordPress for more information. (This message was added in version 6.7.0.) in /home4/scienrds/scienceandnerds/wp-includes/functions.php on line 6114Source:https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/a-multitalented-scientist-seeks-the-origins-of-multicellularity-20240221\/#comments<\/a><\/br> Because I wanted to take the findings in my dissertation to the next step. The dissertation examined how germ cells behaved in one animal. At Cambridge, I asked how germ cells behaved in all animals and how they evolved. To do that, I studied sea urchins, crustaceans and sea anemones in the lab. Then I read the historic literature, just about everything published on the germ cells of hundreds of different species.<\/p>\n Throughout my career, I\u2019ve tried to build on previous findings, and that sometimes means going outside of the original discipline or stretching its definitions. Right now, in my lab, we\u2019re trying to understand the evolution of development by considering more than genes.<\/p>\n We are incorporating ecology and environment into our studies. Instead of just studying fruit flies in isolation, we are looking at the microbes that live inside the flies and the plants that the flies feed on. With this work, we hope to understand how the developmental processes can evolve in real-life environments.<\/p>\n First, showing that cell-cell signaling is not an unusual way for animals to generate embryonic germ cells<\/a> \u2014 that is, cells that will become eggs and sperm. The idea that dominated textbooks for most of the 20th century was that in insects and most other animals, a \u201cgerm plasm\u201d in the egg established a distinct lineage of germ cells very early in development. But we showed that in crickets, body cells are induced to change into germ cells by signals from the surrounding tissues. That\u2019s what happens in mice and other mammals, too, but it was thought to be a novel mechanism that appeared rarely in evolution.<\/p>\n Second, discovering in 2020 that the long-lost relatives of oskar<\/em>, a gene very famous for its essential role in insect reproduction, were actually from bacteria<\/a>, not just from earlier animals. This gene evolved by fusion of bacterial genome sequences with animal genome sequences. It suggests that the forerunners to oskar<\/em> had very different functions, possibly in the development of the nervous system, and that further study of how it evolved its new purpose could be highly informative.<\/p>\n Third, falsifying century-old \u201claws\u201d that predicted the shapes of biological structures. Insect eggs vary tremendously, by eight orders of magnitude in size and with wildly different shapes. Previous assumptions were that a universal \u201claw\u201d of some kind, that applied to all animals, could explain the evolution of the shapes and sizes of cells and of structures made of cells. In the case of eggs, there were many previous hypotheses about what these laws were, including, for example, that the dimensions of the eggs reflected the requirements of the developmental rate or the adult body size for each species.<\/p>\n
\nA Multitalented Scientist Seeks the Origins of Multicellularity<\/br>
\n2024-02-22 21:59:15<\/br><\/p>\nYou did your postdoc with the zoologist Michael Akam<\/a> at Cambridge. In an era when biochemistry predominates, the study of whole animals can sometimes seem like a throwback to another century. Why did you choose it?<\/strong><\/h3>\n
What would you say are the most important findings to come from your Harvard lab?<\/strong><\/h3>\n