wp-plugin-hostgator domain was triggered too early. This is usually an indicator for some code in the plugin or theme running too early. Translations should be loaded at the init action or later. Please see Debugging in WordPress for more information. (This message was added in version 6.7.0.) in /home4/scienrds/scienceandnerds/wp-includes/functions.php on line 6114ol-scrapes domain was triggered too early. This is usually an indicator for some code in the plugin or theme running too early. Translations should be loaded at the init action or later. Please see Debugging in WordPress for more information. (This message was added in version 6.7.0.) in /home4/scienrds/scienceandnerds/wp-includes/functions.php on line 6114Source:https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/never-repeating-tiles-can-safeguard-quantum-information-20240223\/#comments<\/a><\/br> This extreme fragility might make quantum computing sound hopeless. But in 1995, the applied mathematician Peter Shor discovered<\/a> a clever way to store quantum information. His encoding had two key properties. First, it could tolerate errors that only affected individual qubits. Second, it came with a procedure for correcting errors as they occurred, preventing them from piling up and derailing a computation. Shor\u2019s discovery was the first example of a quantum error-correcting code, and its two key properties are the defining features of all such codes.<\/p>\n The first property stems from a simple principle: Secret information is less vulnerable when it\u2019s divided up. Spy networks employ a similar strategy. Each spy knows very little about the network as a whole, so the organization remains safe even if any individual is captured. But quantum error-correcting codes take this logic to the extreme. In a quantum spy network, no single spy would know anything at all, yet together they\u2019d know a lot.<\/p>\n Each quantum error-correcting code is a specific recipe for distributing quantum information across many qubits in a collective superposition state. This procedure effectively transforms a cluster of physical qubits into a single virtual qubit. Repeat the process many times with a large array of qubits, and you\u2019ll get many virtual qubits that you can use to perform computations.<\/p>\n The physical qubits that make up each virtual qubit are like those oblivious quantum spies. Measure any one of them, and you\u2019ll learn nothing about the state of the virtual qubit it\u2019s a part of \u2014 a property called local indistinguishability. Since each physical qubit encodes no information, errors in single qubits won\u2019t ruin a computation. The information that matters is somehow everywhere, yet nowhere in particular.<\/p>\n \u201cYou can\u2019t pin it down to any individual qubit,\u201d Cubitt said.<\/p>\n All quantum error-correcting codes can absorb at least one error without any effect on the encoded information, but they will all eventually succumb as errors accumulate. That\u2019s where the second property of quantum error-correcting codes kicks in \u2014 the actual error correction. This is closely related to local indistinguishability: Because errors in individual qubits don\u2019t destroy any information, it\u2019s always possible to reverse any error<\/a> using established procedures specific to each code.<\/p>\n Zhi Li<\/a>, a postdoc at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Canada, was well versed in the theory of quantum error correction. But the subject was far from his mind when he struck up a conversation with his colleague Latham Boyle<\/a>. It was the fall of 2022, and the two physicists were on an evening shuttle from Waterloo to Toronto. Boyle, an expert in aperiodic tilings who lived in Toronto at the time and is now at the University of Edinburgh, was a familiar face on those shuttle rides, which often got stuck in heavy traffic.<\/p>\n \u201cNormally they could be very miserable,\u201d Boyle said. \u201cThis was like the greatest one of all time.\u201d<\/p>\n Before that fateful evening, Li and Boyle knew of each other\u2019s work, but their research areas didn\u2019t directly overlap, and they\u2019d never had a one-on-one conversation. But like countless researchers in unrelated fields, Li was curious about aperiodic tilings. \u201cIt\u2019s very hard to be not interested,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n Interest turned into fascination when Boyle mentioned a special property of aperiodic tilings: local indistinguishability. In that context, the term means something different. The same set of tiles can form infinitely many tilings that look completely different overall, but it\u2019s impossible to tell any two tilings apart by examining any local area. That\u2019s because every finite patch of any tiling, no matter how large, will show up somewhere in every other tiling.<\/p>\n \u201cIf I plop you down in one tiling or the other and give you the rest of your life to explore, you\u2019ll never be able to figure out whether I put you down in your tiling or my tiling,\u201d Boyle said.<\/p>\n To Li, this seemed tantalizingly similar to the definition of local indistinguishability in quantum error correction. He mentioned the connection to Boyle, who was instantly transfixed. The underlying mathematics in the two cases was quite different, but the resemblance was too intriguing to dismiss.<\/p>\n Li and Boyle wondered whether they could draw a more precise connection between the two definitions of local indistinguishability by building a quantum error-correcting code based on a class of aperiodic tilings. They continued talking through the entire two-hour shuttle ride, and by the time they arrived in Toronto they were sure that such a code was possible \u2014 it was just a matter of constructing a formal proof.<\/p>\n Li and Boyle decided to start with Penrose tilings, which were simple and familiar. To transform them into a quantum error-correcting code, they\u2019d have to first define what quantum states and errors would look like in this unusual system. That part was easy. An infinite two-dimensional plane covered with Penrose tiles, like a grid of qubits, can be described using the mathematical framework of quantum physics: The quantum states are specific tilings instead of 0s and 1s. An error simply deletes a single patch of the tiling pattern, the way certain errors in qubit arrays wipe out the state of every qubit in a small cluster.<\/p>\n The next step was to identify tiling configurations that wouldn\u2019t be affected by localized errors, like the virtual qubit states in ordinary quantum error-correcting codes. The solution, as in an ordinary code, was to use superpositions. A carefully chosen superposition of Penrose tilings is akin to a bathroom tile arrangement proposed by the world\u2019s most indecisive interior decorator. Even if a piece of that jumbled blueprint is missing, it won\u2019t betray any information about the overall floor plan.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n <\/br><\/br><\/br><\/p>\n
\nNever-Repeating Tiles Can Safeguard Quantum Information<\/br>
\n2024-02-26 21:58:26<\/br><\/p>\nTaken for a Ride<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Quantum Tiles
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