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{"id":39677,"date":"2024-03-28T21:58:16","date_gmt":"2024-03-28T21:58:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scienceandnerds.com\/2024\/03\/28\/the-researcher-who-explores-computation-by-conjuring-new-worlds\/"},"modified":"2024-03-28T21:58:17","modified_gmt":"2024-03-28T21:58:17","slug":"the-researcher-who-explores-computation-by-conjuring-new-worlds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceandnerds.com\/2024\/03\/28\/the-researcher-who-explores-computation-by-conjuring-new-worlds\/","title":{"rendered":"The Researcher Who Explores Computation by Conjuring New Worlds"},"content":{"rendered":"

Source:https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/the-researcher-who-explores-computation-by-conjuring-new-worlds-20240327\/#comments<\/a><\/br>
\nThe Researcher Who Explores Computation by Conjuring New Worlds<\/br>
\n2024-03-28 21:58:16<\/br><\/p>\n

\n

Imagine you\u2019re on a quest to understand the very nature of computation. You\u2019re deep in the wilderness, far from any paths, and inscrutable<\/a> messages<\/a> are carved into the trunks of trees all around you \u2014 BPP, AC0<\/sup>[m], \u03a32<\/sub>P, YACC, and hundreds of others. The glyphs are trying to tell you something, but where to begin? You can\u2019t even keep them all straight.<\/p>\n

Few researchers have done as much as Russell Impagliazzo<\/a> to cut through this seeming chaos. For 40 years, Impagliazzo has worked at the forefront of computational complexity theory, the study of the intrinsic difficulty of different problems. The most famous open question in this field, called the P versus NP problem, asks whether many seemingly hard computational problems are actually easy \u2014 with the right algorithm. An answer would have far-reaching implications for science and the security of modern cryptography.<\/p>\n

In the 1980s and 1990s, Impagliazzo played a leading role in unifying the theoretical foundations of cryptography<\/a>. In 1995, he articulated the significance of these new developments in an iconic paper that reformulated possible solutions to P versus NP and a handful of related problems in the language of five hypothetical worlds<\/a> we might inhabit, whimsically dubbed Algorithmica, Heuristica, Pessiland, Minicrypt and Cryptomania. Impagliazzo\u2019s five worlds have inspired a generation of researchers, and they continue to guide research in the flourishing subfield of meta-complexity<\/a>.<\/p>\n

And these aren\u2019t the only worlds he\u2019s dreamed up. Impagliazzo has been a lifelong aficionado of tabletop role-playing games like Dungeons and Dragons, and he delights in inventing new sets of rules<\/a> and new settings to explore. The same playful spirit animates his 30-year practice of improvisational comedy.<\/p>\n

Impagliazzo also did foundational work elucidating the fundamental role of randomness in computation. In the late 1970s, computer scientists discovered that randomness could sometimes improve algorithms<\/a> for solving inherently deterministic problems \u2014 a counterintuitive finding that perplexed researchers for years. Impagliazzo\u2019s work with the complexity theorist Avi Wigderson<\/a> and other researchers in the 1990s showed that if certain computational problems really are fundamentally hard, then it\u2019s always possible<\/a> to convert algorithms that use randomness into deterministic ones. And conversely, proving that randomness can be eliminated from any algorithm would also prove<\/a> that truly hard problems exist.<\/p>\n

Quanta<\/em> spoke with Impagliazzo about the difference between hard problems and hard puzzles, consulting oracles, and the mathematical lessons of improv comedy. The interview has been condensed and edited for clarity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/br><\/br><\/br><\/p>\n

Uncategorized<\/br>
\n<\/br>
\nSource:https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/the-researcher-who-explores-computation-by-conjuring-new-worlds-20240327\/#comments<\/a><\/br><\/br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Source:https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/the-researcher-who-explores-computation-by-conjuring-new-worlds-20240327\/#comments The Researcher Who Explores Computation by Conjuring New Worlds 2024-03-28 21:58:16 Imagine you\u2019re on a quest to understand the very nature of computation. You\u2019re deep in the wilderness, far from any paths, and inscrutable messages are carved into the trunks of trees all around you \u2014 BPP, AC0[m], \u03a32P, YACC, and hundreds of others. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":39678,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"pagelayer_contact_templates":[],"_pagelayer_content":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39677","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Researcher Who Explores Computation by Conjuring New Worlds - Science and Nerds<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceandnerds.com\/2024\/03\/28\/the-researcher-who-explores-computation-by-conjuring-new-worlds\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Researcher Who Explores Computation by Conjuring New Worlds - Science and Nerds\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Source:https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/the-researcher-who-explores-computation-by-conjuring-new-worlds-20240327\/#comments The Researcher Who Explores Computation by Conjuring New Worlds 2024-03-28 21:58:16 Imagine you\u2019re on a quest to understand the very nature of computation. 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