\nThe world has been gifted the second photograph ever taken of a supermassive black hole \u2014 and this time, it\u2019s a black hole that\u2019s relatively close to home. Today, scientists collaborating on the massive Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) project released an image of Sagittarius A*, the gargantuan black hole spinning away at the center of our own galaxy, the Milky Way.<\/p>\n

This celestial present comes from the same project which made quite the splash back in 2019 when they released the very first image taken of a black hole<\/a>. That now iconic fuzzy orange photo showcased a supermassive black hole at the heart of a mammoth galaxy called Messier 87, or M87, which is located 55 million light-years from Earth. The groundbreaking result helped scientists verify the circular shape of these objects as well as further confirm Albert Einstein\u2019s theory of general relativity, which predicted the existence of black holes.<\/p>\n
\nThis one is right in our own backyard<\/q><\/aside>\n<\/div>\nNow, the team is back with another photo of a black hole, this one right in our own backyard. Located 26,000 light-years from Earth, Sagittarius A*, or Sgr A*, is thought to be roughly 4 million times the mass of our Sun. Scientists have inferred its existence at the center of our galaxy for decades based on how objects move around the black hole. But this is the first time we have a direct image of its dark central area, or \u201cshadow,\u201d even more proof of life of the nexus of our cosmic neighborhood. \u201cUntil now, we didn\u2019t have the direct picture confirming that Sgr A* was indeed a black hole,\u201d Feryal \u00d6zel, an astronomer at the University of Arizona and member of EHT, said during a press conference announcing the news. She added, \u201cThis image shows a bright ring surrounding the darkness \u2014 the telltale sign of the shadow of the black hole.\u201d<\/p>\n
With each new supermassive black hole picture we get, scientists learn a little bit more about these enigmatic objects. \u201cThese supermassive black holes, we don\u2019t really know how they formed or grew so large,\u201d Meredith Clark Powell, a black hole researcher at Stanford University, tells The Verge<\/em>. \u201cSo it\u2019s a very active area of research.\u201d<\/p>\n\n  <\/p>\n    <\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/source><\/picture>\n
    <\/span><\/p>\n
  <\/span><\/p>\n
    Distance comparison of M87 and Sgr A*.<\/em><\/figcaption>Image: National Science Foundation\/Keyi \u201cOnyx\u201d Li<\/cite><\/p>\n    <\/span><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n
Truthfully, one cannot capture an image of a black hole directly. Black holes, by their very nature, can\u2019t be \u201cseen,\u201d as these objects are so massive that nothing can escape their gravitational pull \u2014 including light. Instead, we can capture the silhouette <\/em>of a black hole. If a supermassive black hole is surrounded by a swirling disc of gas and dust, that material will glow bright since the gas and dust is sped up and heated by the powerful gravitational pull of the nearby hole. What EHT is actually capturing is the black hole\u2019s shadow against the backdrop of that glowing gas and dust.<\/p>\n\nSnapping pictures of these black hole shadows is no simple task<\/q><\/aside>\n<\/div>\nSnapping pictures of these black hole shadows is no simple task, though. To capture an image like this of Sagittarius A*, a single telescope would have to be the size of planet Earth to get the job done, according to the Event Horizon Telescope group. Since building such an apparatus isn\u2019t exactly realistic, scientists came up with a workaround. The EHT is a wide-ranging array of radio dishes spread out across five different continents. The radio telescopes all work together to observe the same object, behaving as if they are one giant planet-sized telescope. It\u2019s then up to the EHT scientists to piece together the data the telescopes gathered to create a single image.<\/p>\n
EHT used the same technique to capture M87; eight EHT radio dishes spent a week observing that black hole in April 2017, which then resulted in months and months of work to compile the data into the image that was eventually released. At the same time, EHT also observed Sagittarius A*, but crafting its image proved to be much more challenging and time-consuming. \u201cTaking a picture with the EHT is like listening to a song being played on a piano that has a lot of missing keys,\u201d Katie Bouman, an astronomer at Caltech, said during the press conference.<\/p>\n\n  <\/p>\n    <\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/source><\/picture>\n
    <\/span><\/p>\n
  <\/span><\/p>\n
    A size comparison of M87 and Sgr A*.<\/em><\/figcaption>Image: National Science Foundation\/Keyi \u201cOnyx\u201d Li<\/cite><\/p>\n    <\/span><\/p>\n<\/figure>\nThough it\u2019s closer to Earth than M87\u2019s black hole, Sgr A* is smaller and less active, and the material surrounding the object is much dimmer, making it harder to observe. On top of that, the material that does<\/em> surround Sgr A* exhibits weird flaring<\/a> when the particles surrounding the black hole are accelerated to much higher energies. While it makes for an interesting light show, it changes the composition of the black hole every few hours, making it tricky to observe over time. The material that swirls around Sgr A* close to the event horizon \u2014 the point of no return for the particles falling into the black hole \u2014 moves so incredibly fast that the object appears to change in real time. \u201cThat means as we were collecting data during the Earth\u2019s rotation, the material was swirling around Sgr A* so quickly that Sgr A*\u2019s appearance could change from minute to minute,\u201d Bouman said.<\/p>\n
\nThe EHT team collected roughly 3.5 petabytes of data<\/q><\/aside>\n<\/div>\nIn addition to all of that, Sgr A* is in our own galaxy, which makes it harder to see from Earth. Observing this black hole means peering through the galactic plane of the Milky Way \u2014 and all of the gaseous material in between us and the black hole. That provides a lot of interference that the scientists had to work around. \u201cThe result is an image that until we finished our analyses, we were never sure we could get,\u201d Vincent Fish, an astronomer at the MIT Haystack Observatory and an EHT collaborator, said during the press conference.<\/p>\n
When the EHT scientists observed Sgr A*, they collected roughly 3.5 petabytes of data. \u201cThat\u2019s equivalent to about 100 million TikTok videos,\u201d Fish said. \u201cIt\u2019s way too much data to stream over the internet.\u201d <\/p>\n
\n<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"rDsUxM\">The team had to transfer the information by shipping hundreds of hard drives to correlation centers in Westford, Massachusetts, and Bonn, Germany, according to Fish. There, supercomputers compiled the signals together. After that, the data underwent an intense calibration process, as the scientists attempted to construct the best image they could make of the black hole\u2019s silhouette and plasma. Part of this calibration process had to move online, too, when the COVID-19 pandemic hit.<\/p>\n<p id=\"u8nGix\">The resulting image is the one that was unveiled today, though it may look a bit blurry to the average observer. That\u2019s simply due to the limitations of our instruments here on Earth. \u201cEvery telescope has something we call the diffraction limit,\u201d Michael Johnson, an astrophysicist at the Harvard &#038; Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, said during the press conference. \u201cIt\u2019s the finest features that it can see, and that\u2019s basically the level that we\u2019re seeing here.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-float-right\">\n<aside id=\"2EszMW\"><q>\u201cM87 was exciting because it was extraordinary. Sgr A* is exciting because it\u2019s common.\u201d<\/q><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"RjUSkG\">But, with this fuzzy image, the scientists have already learned a lot. For one thing, they\u2019ve determined that Sgr A* isn\u2019t a particularly hungry black hole. Only a small portion of the material surrounding the object actually makes it inside. \u201cIf Sgr A* were a person it would consume a single grain of rice every million years,\u201d Johnson said. Sgr A* also doesn\u2019t convert much of its gravitational energy into light. The gravitational pull of some black holes, like the one in the middle of M87, can actually speed up the surrounding plasma, causing the material to shoot outward as jets of light. That\u2019s not the case for Sgr A*, which is a much more quiet kind of black hole. And that kind of black hole may be the standard. \u201cSgr A* is giving us a view into the much more standard state of black holes, quiet and quiescent,\u201d Johnson said. \u201cM87 was exciting because it was extraordinary. Sgr A* is exciting because it\u2019s common.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"3cEpS4\">\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LPvKDsTfHD8?rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"\" scrolling=\"no\" allow=\"accelerometer; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"7cb4Ct\">Now, with two black hole images on its resume, the EHT collaboration has big plans for the future. EHT is adding even more telescopes with the goal of creating the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT), Johnson said. This will potentially allow scientists to process a moving image of a black hole, showing how it evolves over time. <\/p>\n<p id=\"yhUIyC\">\u201cThis improvement will help us move from these still images to capturing the first high resolution movies of black holes, letting us witness them in action and continuing this quest toward the boundary of the unknown,\u201d Johnson said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><code><br \/><\/br><\/code><\/p>\n<p>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2022\/5\/12\/23042995\/black-hole-image-event-horizon-telescope-sagittarius-a-milky-way\">https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2022\/5\/12\/23042995\/black-hole-image-event-horizon-telescope-sagittarius-a-milky-way<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Source: The world has been gifted the second photograph ever taken of a supermassive black hole \u2014 and this time, it\u2019s a black hole that\u2019s relatively close to home. Today, scientists collaborating on the massive Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) project released an image of Sagittarius A*, the gargantuan black hole spinning away at the center [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"pagelayer_contact_templates":[],"_pagelayer_content":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26,33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5682","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science","category-space"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>This is the first picture of the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way - Science and Nerds<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceandnerds.com\/2022\/05\/12\/this-is-the-first-picture-of-the-supermassive-black-hole-at-the-heart-of-the-milky-way\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"This is the first picture of the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way - Science and Nerds\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Source: The world has been gifted the second photograph ever taken of a supermassive black hole \u2014 and this time, it\u2019s a black hole that\u2019s relatively close to home. 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