The COVID-19 pandemic was still raging when a federal judge in Florida made the fateful decision to type \u201csanitation\u201d into the search bar of the Corpus of Historical American English. <\/p>\n

Many parts of the country had already dropped mask requirements, but a federal mask mandate on planes and other public transportation was still in place. A lawsuit challenging the mandate had come before Judge Kathryn Mizelle, a former clerk for Justice Clarence Thomas. The Biden administration said the mandate was valid, based on a law that authorizes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to introduce rules around \u201csanitation\u201d to prevent the spread of disease. <\/p>\n

Mizelle took a textualist approach to the question \u2014 looking specifically at the meaning of the words in the law. But along with consulting dictionaries, she consulted a database of language, called a corpus, built by a Brigham Young University linguistics professor for other linguists. Pulling every example of the word \u201csanitation\u201d from 1930 to 1944, she concluded that \u201csanitation\u201d was used to describe actively making something clean \u2014 not as a way to keep something clean. So, she decided, masks aren\u2019t actually \u201csanitation.\u201d <\/p>\n