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\n

Over a year after the US authorized its first vaccines, COVID cases continue to pile up, leaving many vaccinated people wondering: \u201cDo I need a vaccine upgrade?\u201d People who are fully vaccinated and boosted have been testing positive in huge numbers, particularly since the omicron-triggered wave started its relentless burn across the United States in December. Vaccines that once caused experts to declare COVID-19 a \u201cpandemic of the unvaccinated\u201d don\u2019t protect as well<\/a> against illness, even as they continued to protect against the most severe disease. Breakthrough infections are so common that the near-miraculous protection the vaccine promised a year ago feels very far away.<\/p>\n
Part of the problem is that the virus that the vaccines target \u2014 the first version of the coronavirus that started spreading in early 2020 \u2014 doesn\u2019t exist anymore. Now, regulators, researchers, and vaccine companies are turning to the next phase of the vaccine development process: finding a way to protect against the virus that\u2019s spreading now and finding a way to protect people against future variations of the virus. <\/p>\n
\nthe virus that the vaccines target \u2014 the first version of the coronavirus that started spreading in early 2020 \u2014 doesn\u2019t exist anymore<\/q><\/aside>\n<\/div>\nOn June 28th, an FDA committee will meet to discuss whether and how future booster doses of vaccines might specifically target emerging variants of the virus. Like the seasonal flu shot, the next vaccines may at some point protect against whatever version of the virus is going to be circulating in a particular year. At the same time, other scientists are looking into ways of making the protection from any booster shot last longer. Longer-term, COVID-19 vaccines might be very different from current shots, using different technology and protecting against viruses that don\u2019t even exist yet. Some might not be shots but nasal sprays, which might be able to prevent even mild infections.<\/p>\n\u201cPreventing severe disease was the original goal, and I understand that. At the beginning of the pandemic, that made sense,\u201d  said Akiko Iwasaki<\/a>, a professor of immunobiology at Yale University School of Medicine. \u201cBut now we understand the virus better and the fact that the variants are here \u2014 I think we need to shift our thinking.\u201d<\/p>\n
The next virus <\/strong><\/h3>\nThe first step for the future of COVID-19 vaccines is to play catch-up with the recent past. After over two years, the version of the virus that was first detected in Wuhan, China, has been replaced<\/a> by its more contagious and immune-evading variants. Several vaccine manufacturers have already started testing vaccines tailored to the omicron variant. An early analysis<\/a> of Moderna\u2019s omicron-specific shot showed that it generated more antibodies against the omicron virus than the original vaccine, the company announced earlier this month. The vaccine is bivalent \u2014  it\u2019s made to protect against both the \u201coriginal flavor\u201d  coronavirus and omicron. <\/p>\n
Moderna says its booster may be \u201cavailable by late summer in some markets,\u201d wrote Elise Meyer, senior director of communications at Moderna, in an email to The Verge<\/em>. <\/p>\n
Pfizer and BioNTech are also running a clinical trial<\/a> to update their shots against omicron, examining standard booster shots of the original vaccine, a version targeting only omicron, and a bivalent shot like Moderna\u2019s. At a press briefing<\/a> in April, Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla said an omicron shot might be available in the fall. <\/p>\n
Novavax, whose vaccine might be approved<\/a> soon in the US, is working on its own omicron booster. Its clinical trial<\/a> testing both omicron-targeted shot and a bivalent vaccine started on May 31st. The vaccine, which has been under review by the FDA since January, seems to have<\/a> less severe side effects than the other vaccines, making it potentially ideal to use as a non-disruptive booster. <\/p>\n
But it\u2019s still unclear if the omicron shots will work much better than the original vaccine against omicron and other variants. In one study on mice, the original vaccine \u201cactually worked quite well, at least in the short-term,\u201d said Larissa Thackray<\/a>, an associate professor of infectious disease at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. <\/p>\n
\nA vaccine targeting a current or at least recent variant makes more sense than one targeting a much different virus<\/q><\/aside>\n<\/div>\nIf omicron-specific vaccines don\u2019t have a major benefit over the existing vaccines, they could be a hard sell to be authorized by the FDA. Yet despite the uncertainty, Thackray said she thinks an omicron booster is overdue. A vaccine targeting a current or at least recent variant makes more sense than one targeting a much different virus \u2014 the original strain of SARS-CoV-2, which doesn\u2019t exist anymore.  <\/p>\n
At some point, omicron might not be circulating anymore either. It\u2019s already evolved into several sublineages, and the virus will only keep evolving. Figuring out a way to continuously update the shots is one way to keep on top of it. But other researchers are working on \u201cuniversal\u201d vaccines \u2014 which could theoretically protect against any new form of the virus. <\/p>\nVaccines like this take advantage of the immune system\u2019s ability to respond to the parts of viruses that stay the same as they evolve, said David Martinez<\/a>, an immunologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and an author of a 2021 study<\/a> examining a proposed universal coronavirus vaccine. <\/p>\n
Martinez and other researchers made their vaccine by combining genetic material from a handful of different coronaviruses. Their goal was to make a shot that could generate an immune response against current and future variants, as well as other coronaviruses that could cause another pandemic. It\u2019s still preliminary \u2014 that particular universal vaccine has only been tested in animals \u2014 but it\u2019s a first step toward broad protection.<\/p>\n
This kind of vaccine might still work even if the virus substantially changes, said Martinez. But it will be a long time before we know if this is true \u2014 it\u2019s likely that this kind of vaccine will take years for scientists to develop, test, and get approved, he said. <\/p>\n
Shot-less shots<\/strong><\/h3>\nUniversal vaccines aren\u2019t the only next-gen products in development. Researchers are also working on vaccines that aren\u2019t shots at all \u2014 they\u2019re nasal sprays.<\/p>\nIntranasal vaccines could protect against the virus right where it enters the body, said Iwasaki<\/a>, the immunobiologist at Yale University School of Medicine. <\/p>\n
\n\u201cIt can prevent the infection of these tissues altogether\u201d<\/q><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n\u201cIt makes sense to establish immune defense right at these mucosal sites,\u201d she said, referring to the inside of the nose. \u201cIt can prevent the infection of these tissues altogether.\u201d Without infection, people wouldn\u2019t transmit the virus, and they\u2019d be protected from long COVID. <\/p>\n
There is one intranasal vaccine given now \u2014 FluMist \u2014 but it uses a weak version of the live flu virus, which is not safe for immunocompromised people. Iwasaki and her colleagues are working on a strategy to get around that issue: using a nasal spray containing a version of the COVID-19 virus\u2019 spike protein as a booster after an initial mRNA shot. Because it\u2019s used as a booster, the spray doesn\u2019t need to contain a live virus to trigger a strong enough immune response \u2014 immunity from the initial shot is enough to drive a strong response to the protein in the spray. <\/p>\nSo far, the technique is experimental and only has been tested in mice. But Iwasaki co-founded a company, Xanadu Bio<\/a>, to make these vaccines, though she says they are still raising money to start clinical trials and working on testing the vaccine in nonhuman primates. And Xanadu is far from the only one looking at nasal spray vaccines. There are more than a dozen clinical trials of intranasal vaccines already in progress in the US and globally. <\/p>\n
\nThere\u2019s still a lot experts don\u2019t know about the current vaccines <\/q><\/aside>\n<\/div>\nThere are still a lot of challenges ahead before the next set of COVID-19 vaccines are available to the public. There\u2019s still a lot experts don\u2019t know about the current vaccines \u2014 like why they lose their efficacy over time, regardless of new variants, says Deepta Bhattacharya<\/a>, a professor of immunobiology at the University of Arizona College of Medicine. He says it can be hard to know exactly what it is about a vaccine that makes it work well for a long time.<\/p>\n
\u201cWhen you\u2019re comparing one vaccine to another, there\u2019s a lot of things that are different,\u201d he said. \u201cAnd so trying to extract which of those differences are really important is almost as much guesswork as it is science.\u201d  <\/p>\n
There are also practical limitations. The FDA meeting next week to discuss vaccinating against COVID-19 variants could have a big impact on the direction that future vaccine development will take. Funding, both for new research and to make shots available to people for free, will also probably be an issue. Unless Congress can agree on more pandemic funding, free future vaccines might be limited<\/a> to only the most vulnerable people.<\/p>\n
Despite everything, Bhattacharya is optimistic about the future of COVID-19 vaccines. Research seems to show that combining and refining the next-generation vaccine techniques like intranasal, vaccine-targeted, and universal vaccines could have great success, he said. <\/p>\n
\u201cI think the science is there for sure to have better vaccines in the coming years,\u201d he said. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/br><\/code><\/p>\n
Source: https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2022\/6\/23\/23178677\/covid-vaccine-booster-variants-omicron-nasal<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Source: Over a year after the US authorized its first vaccines, COVID cases continue to pile up, leaving many vaccinated people wondering: \u201cDo I need a vaccine upgrade?\u201d People who are fully vaccinated and boosted have been testing positive in huge numbers, particularly since the omicron-triggered wave started its relentless burn across the United States […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"pagelayer_contact_templates":[],"_pagelayer_content":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,26],"tags":[27],"class_list":["post-8536","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-health","category-science","tag-science"],"yoast_head":"\nWhere\u2019s the next generation of COVID-19 shots? - Science and Nerds<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceandnerds.com\/2022\/06\/24\/wheres-the-next-generation-of-covid-19-shots\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Where\u2019s the next generation of COVID-19 shots? 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