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{"id":9891,"date":"2022-07-14T14:47:22","date_gmt":"2022-07-14T14:47:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scienceandnerds.com\/2022\/07\/14\/the-hidden-history-of-screen-readers\/"},"modified":"2022-07-14T14:47:23","modified_gmt":"2022-07-14T14:47:23","slug":"the-hidden-history-of-screen-readers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceandnerds.com\/2022\/07\/14\/the-hidden-history-of-screen-readers\/","title":{"rendered":"The hidden history of screen readers"},"content":{"rendered":"

Source: https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/23203911\/screen-readers-history-blind-henter-curran-teh-nvda<\/a>
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On a night in 1978, Ted Henter was driving a rental car down a dark road in the English countryside. A 27-year-old motorcycle racer from Florida, Henter had just won eighth place in the Venezuelan Grand Prix, the first race of the 1978 World Championships. He was daydreaming about his next race in Spain when he saw the other car driving straight towards him. <\/p>\n

Henter had been driving on the right side of the road, just as he did back home. Instinctively, he swerved right. But the other driver, faithful to his own British instincts, swerved left. It was a head-on collision. Henter\u2019s face broke the windshield and glass shards left him with detached retinas and eighty stitches on his face \u2014 including thirteen on each eyeball. Lying in the hospital, he thought to himself, Maybe I\u2019ll have to miss the race. <\/em><\/p>\n

The first operation to reattach his retina was successful, and Henter regained his sight in one eye \u2014 he could see light and some colors \u2014 but as scar tissue formed, the retina detached again. When he woke up after the second operation, Henter knew things were different this time. After the first operation, everything had been bright. But the second time, everything was dark. <\/p>\n

\u201cI had about ten minutes of despair in the hospital when I felt a very calming spirit in the room. Maybe it was an angel,\u201d Henter recalls. \u201cIt more or less said to me, \u2018Don\u2019t sweat it. Everything is going to be okay.\u2019\u201d <\/p>\n

Eh, blind people have been around for millennia,<\/em> Henter remembers thinking to himself. If they made it, I can make it. <\/em><\/p>\n


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His racing days were over, but Henter wasn\u2019t entirely at a loss. Before his motorcycling career began, Henter had earned a mechanical engineering degree from the University of Florida. He even had a couple of patents. <\/p>\n

Blindness made working as a mechanical engineer difficult. When he consulted Florida\u2019s Division of Blind Services, a counselor told him that computer programming was becoming a popular career for people who are blind. <\/p>\n

Henter went back to school for a degree in computer science. He learned to program by typing code out on the terminal and having a volunteer read the screen back to him. A local high school student read programming books for him, which he recorded and listened to on tapes. \u201cThat was pretty slow and tedious. But I learned how to program computers,\u201d says Henter.<\/p>\n

It wasn\u2019t until his first job when Henter got what he calls a \u201ctalking computer.\u201d This ancestral screen reader<\/a>, created by Deane Blazie, could only read one character at a time. (For example, the word \u201cPRINT\u201d would be pronounced not as one syllable but as \u201cP-R-I-N-T.\u201d) <\/p>\n

Nonetheless, this was a game changer. Henter could perform his job without any assistance. When the next version \u2014 one that could read a word at a time \u2014 came out, Henter regularly called the company for tech support and became the most known user. Blazie, the head of the company \u2014 who would go down in history as one of the few sighted pioneers<\/a> of the assistive technology industry \u2014 soon offered him a job. Years later, Henter recalls Maryland Computer Services with warmth, remembering a welcoming environment and colleagues who respected him.<\/p>\n

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